What is TDS? FY 2018-19 TDS Information and Calculation rates chart

What is TDS ? Types of TDS and its rates for FY 2018-19 
Every information regarding the TDS are mentioned below with applicable chart rates.
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is a means of collecting income tax in India, under the Indian Income Tax Act of 1961. Any payment covered under these provisions shall be paid after deducting prescribed percentage. It is managed by the Central Board for Direct Taxes (CBDT) and is part of the Department of Revenue managed by Indian Revenue Service ..

What is TDS? TDS is simply Tax Deducted at Source. As per the Income Tax Act – persons responsible for making payments are required to deduct tax at source at prescribed rates. Instead of receiving tax on your income from you at a later date, the govt wants the payers to deduct tax before hand and deposit it with the govt.

Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is a system of Indirect Tax Collection by Income Tax Department, where an individual is responsible for making specified payments such as
salary, 
commission, 
professional fees, 
interest, 
rent, etc.

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Career Guidance in Civil Services (Main) Insights on Essay & Current Affairs

Career Guidance in Civil Services (Main) Insights on Essay & Current Affairs
This is very important article for the students who wish to choose Civil Services as a career. Here we have the tips and preparation guidance for the exam Civil Services (Main) Insights on Essay & Current Affairs

Essay Paper Civil Services (Main)
In its new format, two essays have to be written by the candidate in three hours time. Though, there is no prescribed word limit for an essay, I recommend that each essay should be of 1200- 1400 words. The time for one essay is one and a half hour, which is more than adequate to finish the writing part. However, the real challenge is not writing the essay but managing its structure and design.

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Jobs and Career in Health Management

 Jobs and Career in Health Management
Excellence in healthcare is a major imperative for any country to sustain and develop. The health care sector in India is in need of personnel who are skilled in medical sciences and are also technologically sound.The Indian healthcare industry has been growing rapidly at a rate of around 15 per cent every year. Due to this rapid and diverse growth, career opportunities in the healthcare industry in India have also grown significantly. The major aspect about the healthcare management jobs in India is that they are not limited to doctors alone. Due to opening up of different health care areas, the jobs in this sector have diversified. The health care jobs are expected to increase manifold in the near future.

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Jobs and Career in Elderly Care- Senior Citizen Care Jobs

Jobs and Career in Elderly Care Senior Citizen Care Jobs is demanding day by day as In India the size of the elderly population, i.e. persons above the age of 60 years (Senior Citizen)  is fast growing. The elderly who accounted for 6.7 percent of total population are expected to grow over 10 percent by 2021.

Schemes  and Policies by Government of India for Senior Citizens
Government of India is fully committed and is playing a vital role in formulating and implementing policies in order to create an enabling environment for the older persons to lead an active and productive life.

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Helix Institute Chandigarh

Helix Medical Course

Admission Criterion in Helix Institute Students may apply with minimum Grade point 8/B+/B1 or 75% marks in Science & Math in IX standard Examination are eligible for direct admission and those who have secured less than marks mentioned above will be admitted on the basis of performance in admission test. The fee for the admission test will be Rs.600.00 including service tax (S.T.)

Helix Institute Crash Course – for Medical Entrance Exams (for +2 appearing and passed students)
In the course, students will be prepared for entire syllabus through various competitive techniques necessary for cracking entrance examinations. Students will be taught in a way to enable them to encounter all types of problems that are likely to be faced in all Medical Entrance Exams. The classes will be held 6 days in a week. During the week, two mini-tests (of one hour duration each) will be conducted of the syllabus covered. On every Sunday a full-test (of three hours duration) will be conducted of the week’s syllabus. Results will be conveyed to parents indicating overall ranking of their wards.

Students will be provided with chapter-wise study material & assignments for the entire course.

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Helix Institute Chandigarh Address
SCO : 343-345, (Top Floor)
Sector 34-A Chandigarh
Helix Institute PHONE : 0172-2623155, 2663424, 5086643, 2624337
E-MAIL : info@helixchandigarh.com

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Tips of Interview Skills

What are Interview Skills
There are some easy steps that you can take that will increase your chances of success at interviews.
First, remember that job interviews should be a process of two-way communication. Not only are they a tool for employers to use to evaluate you, but they are also an opportunity for you to assess the job, the organization, and to see if there is a “fit.”
The keys to a successful interview are preparation and practice. The following suggestions will help you prepare for an interview: Self-evaluation It is important for you to think about yourself and your past experiences in order to be ready to articulate what you have to offer an employer. Consider the following topics:

• How your present and past experience relate to the position
• Your current and future career goals
• What skills and expertise you have to offer
• The skills that you would like to develop or improve
• Location, salary, and lifestyle priorities
• Kinds of people and environments you prefer
• Past experiences you want to highlight such as volunteer work, hobbies, travel

Points to remember Before the Interview
Research the Company – A company’s website is an excellent place to begin. It usually gives you information on whether it is international or domestic, what its revenues are, how many locations it has, and the nature of its major products. Most companies are very proud of their websites. Don’t be surprised if one of the first questions interviewers ask when you arrive is, “Have you have had a chance to look at our website?”

Practice interviews - Write down a list of possible questions that you think may be asked, then have a friend act as an interviewer and direct them to you in a practice interview situation. Don’t stop until you feel comfortable answering each question. Practicing beforehand will make you feel more comfortable and relaxed during the interview.

Dress Professionally – In today’s environment, wearing a suit isn’t always necessary. Contact the HR Manager of the company or your recruiter, and find out what the dress code is for the company at which you are going to interview. Then dress one level above. For instance, if it is business casual, men can wear dress pants, dress shirt, and sport coat. Women can wear a pantsuit, dress, or a skirt and blouse. Visual impressions are very important. Therefore, if in doubt, always dress on the conservative side.

Arrival – Try to arrive at the interview location a little early. This gives you time to determine where you need to go, and will give you a few minutes to collect your thoughts. DO NOT arrive late. Nothing destroys your chance at impressing an employer more than arriving late and offering no explanation. If you learn at the last minute that you are going to be arriving late at the interview, call and let the interviewer know. Interviewers understand that things can come up suddenly. You are never considered late if you call and make them aware of the fact. During the Interview

First impressions – First impressions take only thirty seconds. Establishing rapport, direct and sustained eye contact, a firm handshake, a warm smile, good posture, and introducing yourself in a confident manner are important ingredients. A well-groomed, professional appearance is critical. Greet the interviewer with a firm handshake, whether it is a woman or a man. (No one likes a weak handshake.) Always maintain eye contact while shaking hands. Smile – A smile denotes confidence in a candidate. Try to smile often. Also, don’t be afraid to use some hand animation while answering questions. This suggests enthusiasm in a candidate.

Body Language – Use good posture, and look the interviewer right in the eye. Sit up straight. Never slouch.

Speak Clearly – Don’t mumble. It portrays a lack of confidence. Speak with assurance. This indicates confidence.

Listen Before Answering – Allow the employer to begin the interview, but be prepared with some opening statements or questions such as, “I understand that this position involves…,” or “What are you looking for in a job candidate?” Make sure you understand the question. If not, ask the interviewer to clarify it. Don’t be afraid to take some time to think before answering. Interviewers are impressed with someone who thinks out an answer before speaking.

Give Brief Answers – Make your answer concise and to the point. Rambling tends to suggest that you really don’t have the answer to the question(s) asked. Previous Employers – Never, ever say anything negative about your present or previous employers. No matter how much you may have disliked someone, find a way to give your experiences a positive spin. Be Truthful – Don’t lie when asked about something you haven’t done. The next question will be “tell us about it.”

Know Your Resume – Be prepared to talk about every fact that is on your resume. Many people embellish their accomplishments on their resumes. Avoid this, since the only point of reference an interviewer has about you is the resume you provide to him/her beforehand.

Keep things at a professional level – Sometimes near the end of an interview, the two parties start feeling comfortable with each other. Don’t let this comfortable feeling lead  you to telling them something about yourself that they really shouldn’t know. Always keep things at a professional level. Look for Something in Common – This is something that has given us an edge in the past. Try to find a common bond between yourself and your interviewer. If you are being interviewed in an office, look at how the office is decorated. Look for something you can identify with. Is his/her college diploma hanging on the wall? Did you attend a nearby school, or perhaps one in the same Division? If so, make a quick comment about it: “Did you attend Penn State? I attended the University of Michigan. What a great football conference.” Interviewers sometimes feel more comfortable with people with whom they have something in common. This approach has helped several candidates obtain a position over other qualified candidates. Above all, be sincere.

After the Interview Back in Touch – Ask the interviewer when s/he expects to get back to you on her/his decision. Get Everyone’s Business Card – Before you leave, be sure to get the business cards of all of the people with whom you visited. If you cannot do that, ask a secretary for their names and e-mail addresses.

Thank the Interviewer – Verbally thank the interviewer for taking the time to interview you, before leaving. Within a day, send thank-you letters to all of the interviewers with whom you spoke. This does not need to consist of a written letter sent via snail mail; an e-mailed thank-you works just as well.

Do not give up – Sometimes, within ten minutes of the start of an interview, you will know that the job is not one you want to pursue. If you begin to feel this way, don’t give up on the interview. Continue to interview as if the job was the most important thing in the world. This provides you with practice for your next interview, which may be for your dream job! Not all interviews will lead to offers of employment, but, if you approach every interview as if it’s the most important interview you ever had, you will come out a winner!

Additional tips of Interview

• Focus on presenting a positive, enthusiastic tone.
• If you are asked to describe a weakness, mention lessons learned, and steer away from negative descriptions.
• Think about three or four key points that you want to make about your personal characteristics, skills you have learned, and relevant experiences that demonstrate that you could perform the job well.
• Find specific, rather than general, examples from your experience that illustrate important points about yourself.
• When answering questions, focus on experiences that demonstrate flexibility, adaptability, responsibility, progress, achievement, creativity, initiative, and leadership.
• If the employer signals the end of the interview and asks you for questions, and you haven’t discussed some key points, say: “There are a couple of points I would like to mention.”
After the interview, write a brief thank you letter. Express your appreciation for the opportunity to interview and learn about the organization, re-confirm your interest, and re-emphasize how your background and skills might be of interest to the organization. Some Interview Questions
You can expect to be asked some of the following types of questions in an interview. Case Questions are often used by consulting companies to assess analytical and problem solving skills. The interviewer presents a situation and asks you to discuss possible solutions. A sample case question is, “Describe a managed care company that you think is successful and explain why. What do they do that works? What are their potential problems? What is your outlook for their future? What suggestions do you have for their future?”
Behavioral or situational questions are used to assess how you would behave in different circumstances and to predict your behaviour in future, similar situations. An interviewer may ask, “Tell me about a time when a team you were working on was unable to proceed due to some interpersonal conflict. How did you respond, and what role did you play on the team?”
Role-play questions entail the interviewer asking you to put yourself in another role and decide how you would handle a specific problem.
Industry-specific questions are questions regarding the latest trends or issues in the industry. An interviewer may ask, “If you were a CEO of Microsoft’s main competitor, what actions would you take in the on-line services market?”
Brainteasers are quick questions where the obvious answer is not necessarily the right answer such as, “Which would you rather receive: fifty thousand pennies or a 10x10x10 room filled with pennies?”

General questions of interview

• Tell me about yourself.
• What are your key experiences and accomplishments?
• How would you rank your achievements?
• What are your strengths and weaknesses?
• How would your friends describe you?
• Explain your reason for leaving your current job.
• What are the most important things to you in a job?
• What do you value in a supervisor?
• How would you describe your management style?
• What appeals to you about this job and organization?
• Describe the ideal position in our company.
• What qualities do you think make someone successful in our industry?
• What would you like me to know most that is not on your resume?
• Explain your understanding of the issues and trends in your specialty and in the overall industry.
• Why are you qualified for this position?
• Give an example of a situation where you demonstrated leadership.
• Give an example of how you worked on a team.
• What questions do you have about the organization? Questions for the interviewer are queries that usually focus on the culture or mission of the organization, and job responsibilities. This is not the time to bring up questions about salary, benefits, and vacation about which you can inquire after you have been offered the job.

The Phone Interview
Due to a company’s geographic location, travel costs, and divergent schedules, a phone interview may often be your initial contact with a prospective employer. Therefore, we’re offering some phone interview tips.

Objective – The idea behind a phone interview is to gain an invitation for a personal interview, and to gather more information for future steps in the process.

Preparation – Have a pad, pen, and a copy of your resume near the phone. Use a phone in a quiet area. Avoid any background noise. Also avoid using a cordless phone, because they tend to transmit poorly. Speaking
a. Smile and be enthusiastic. Your enthusiasm will carry through to the interviewer.
b. Speak in a conversational manner, and be sure to speak loudly enough to be heard. Speak with some inflection and tone.
c. Let the interviewer do most of the talking. When s/he asks you a question, expound upon the answer. Use the opportunity to sell your skills and experience.
d. When the interview is over, let her/him know that you are very interested in scheduling a personal interview at her/his place of business.

References Altavista Careers (2001), JobsontheWeb(2001), Virtualville (2001) and MIT Online Resources (2001) 

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Career in Social work

Career in Social work 

Career in Social work is both a profession and social science. It involves the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and societies. It incorporates and utilizes other social sciences as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society’s response to chronic problems.


Social work is a profession committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the enhancement of the quality of life, and to the development of the full potential of each individual, group and community in the society. It seeks to simultaneously address and resolve social issues at every level of society and economic status, but especially among the poor and sick.

Social workers are mainly concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. They work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities. Social work and human history go together. Social work was always in human societies although it began to be a defined pursuit and profession in the 19th century. This definition was in response to societal problems that resulted from the Industrial Revolution and an increased interest in applying scientific theory to various aspects of study. Eventually an increasing number of educational institutions began to offer social work programmes.

Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to ameliorate poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor can be found in all major world religions. The practice and profession of modern social work has a relatively long scientific origin, originating in the 19th Century. The movement began primarily in Europe and North America. The settlement movement’s emphasis on advocacy and case work became part of social work practice. During the 20th century, the profession began to rely more on research and evidenced-based practice as it attempted to improve its professionalism. Today social workers are employed in a myriad of pursuits and settings.

The current state of social work professional development is characterized by two realities. There is a great deal of traditional social and psychological research (both qualitative and quantitative) being carried out primarily by university-based researchers and by researchers based in institutes, foundations, or social service agencies. Meanwhile, many social work practitioners continue to look to their own experience for knowledge. This is a continuation of the debate that has persisted since the outset of the profession in the first decade of the twentieth century.

One reason for the gap between information obtained through practice, as opposed to through research, is that practitioners deal with situations that are unique and idiosyncratic, while research concentrates on similarities. The combining of these two types of knowledge is often imperfect. A hopeful development for bridging this gap is the compilation, in many practice fields, of collections of “best practices” which attempt to distill research findings and the experience of respected practitioners into effective practice techniques.[citation needed] Although social work has roots in the informatics revolution, an important contemporary development in the profession is overcoming suspicion of technology and taking advantage of the potential of information technology to empower clients.

Social Work Career Course Details:
Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional degree in social work and often also have a license or are professionally registered. Social workers have organized themselves into local, national, and international professional bodies to further the aims of the profession. The minimum educational qualification for a career in social work is Master in Social Work (MSW), which is a 2 years course open to all graduates from any stream. But candidates with Sociology background would get some preference. Many government colleges, universities and private educational institutions are offering this course throughout the country. There is also M.Phil. and Ph.D. Programmes in Social Work offered by many institutions. Besides educational qualification career in social work requires certain personality traits like compassion for the underprivileged and urge to help them, capacity to work hard under far-from-perfect working conditions, patience and dedication.

The Tata Institute of Social Sciences ( TISS ) was established in 1936, as the Sir Dorabji TataGraduate School of Social Work. In 1944, the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work was renamed as the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. The year 1964 was an important landmark in the history of the Institute, when it was recognized as a Deemed University by the Government of India (GoI).Since then, the TISS has been expanding continuously in terms of educational programmes and infrastructure.
Over the years, the Institute has made consistent contributions to civil society and the development sector, through its education, research, field action and extension and today, the TISS has earned recognition as an institution of repute from different Ministries of the GoI; various State Governments; international agencies such as the United Nations; and the non-government sector, both national and international. A high degree of freedom and autonomy shape the positive work ethos and creativity in the Institute facilitating strong linkages between education, research, field action and dissemination, whose bulwark is a commitment and responsiveness to social needs.
Several institutes and universities are offering Bachelor and Master Degree in Social Work in India. Some most important among them are Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Calcutta; Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai; Institute of Social Sciences, Agra; University of Delhi, Delhi; Rajasthan University, M.S. University of Baroda, Bombay University, Aurangabad University, Mangalore University, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Trivandrum and Madras School of Social Work, Chennai.

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Jobs and Career in Corporate Communication

Jobs and Career in Corporate Communication
In this era of globalization, most of the academic discussions concentrating on communication management. The main purpose of communication management is the accessibility of information flow from top management to bottom and vice-versa. It will be effective only when all parties (both internal groups as well as stakeholders) in the organization should be communicate and transfer the necessary information meaningfully and resourcefully.
Communication is the cornerstone function of every organization to build up its status in the corporate world as well as its stakeholders. Communications is one of the most important link between an organization and the public. Communication generating from an organization and going out of its various audiences? Whether within or beyond? is termed as corporate communication.

Communication is the key factor in the creation, implementation, monitoring and reporting on all corporate activities. Through communication, stakeholders understand company’s purpose, goals and values. Communication also aimed to influence employee’s attitude toward the workplace loyalty and pride in the company in which they are working.

Major companies are considered communication as an effective tool to increasing its scope and rationalizing its service. They have renewed their communication strategy to expand their business empire. Leading organizations have their own communication team with efficient communicators who are responsible for communication function with various national and international organizations.

What is Corporate communication?
Theoretically speaking, Corporate Communication plays a critical role in building and maintaining relationships with the stakeholders of a corporation. Media communications are an essential channel through which all stakeholders receive information and develop perceptions of a company. Corporate communications are effective in the successful business and its effects identified by the leading companies. It is equally important as technology since application of technology need to communicate effectively in the corporate world. Without effective communication corporate relationship will be impossible.

To put it simply, corporate communication is an umbrella that encompasses fields like advertising, public relations, internal communications, investor relations, crisis management, brand management, events and in some cases can extend to marketing as well.

Duties of Corporate Communicator
As a corporate communicator, an individual becomes the face of the organisation. The skill sets required in corporate communications are an ability to articulate ideas, ability to write lucidly and above all? being a people?s person. The corporate communicators are involved in internal communication with employees and are responsible to effectively transmit information originating from the management. For a stock market listed company, the communication department within the organisation is responsible for channelling investor queries as well as ensuring a constant flow of information between various stakeholders. In large organisations, the advertising and PR strategies also fall within the ambit of corporate communication.

Specific responsibilities of a corporate communicator include:
• Supervise the status of the organization
• Develop, execute and evaluate communications strategies
• Ensuring effective two-way internal communications
• Taking the lead on media handling, proactively placing good news stories, dealing with enquiries and producing media releases
• Developing links with other departments, which enhances the smooth functioning.
• Planning proactive communications
• Leading public relations, including customer services
• Playing a key role in issue management and planning
• Ensuring that other health organizations are kept fully briefed on developments, plans and any incidents in your organization
• Producing high quality information service
• Advising senior colleagues on strategic communications and related issues
• Engaging in business promotion campaigns
• Typically, the following skills would be necessary for a communications role:
• Ability to work equally well both on your own and within a team
• Ability to write, speak and brief others clearly
• Ability to assess and select appropriate communications routes for different messages and audiences
• Ability to remain calm under pressure
• Ability to recognize sensitive situations and act appropriately
• Negotiating and influencing skills
• Ability to work well with others at all levels both within and outside your company
• Ability to gain the trust and respect of senior colleagues
• Ability to provide creative input to projects
• Ability to think strategically

Above all, corporate communicator represents the corporation’s voice, its reputation, integrity and the images it projects of itself on a global and regional stage populated by its various audiences and stakeholders.

What do aspirants need for it?
There are no defined qualifications for entering this field. Those with the gift of the gab and the ability to write have an edge. Soft skills like networking, inquisitiveness and time consciousness are also important. Graduates in English literature and mass communication with some hands-on experience are preferred at the entry level, so are MBAs.
A degree or diploma in mass communication helps for a career in corporate communication. However, many professionals agree that more than the degree, it is your personal skills that matter the most. “It helps to have a degree in communication, but it is not essential. What matters is being able to understand issues related to your organisation, an understanding of current affairs, and an eye for any development that could affect the organisation. A degree or diploma in communication, no doubt, helps get an entry into the field. Also, language skills and the ability to see opportunities are important qualities.

A degree would not give you the strategic thinking and the ability to make and maintain contacts that matter a lot in corporate communication. You also need an ability to understand the business, ability to network within and outside the organisation and the ability to make people believe you as well as believe in you. It is only after that your audiences trust you.

The pay package
The pay scales in the sector vary based on the organisation and experience on part of the candidate. A candidate with a relevant degree and good communication skills can also get remuneration in the range of Rs 3.5 lakhs per annum. Once you have relevant experience of 4-5 years in the field, the annual remuneration can easily go up to Rs 5-6 lakhs. While talented people can make their way up to the level of vice-president in a company, at the entry level, corporate communicators usually draw salary of Rs 15,000-20,000.

The demand from organisations is only going to increase given the growth we are witnessing. If you feel that communication is your strength and have an ability to understand businesses then this is the career for you. After all, like finance and marketing professionals, a corporate communication professional too is not restricted to a specific industry.

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List of Top Best Schools in India

List of Top 200 Schools in India with Ranking and Location of School, Best Schools in India

1. Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai
2. The Shri Ram School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi
3. Mallya Aditi International School, Bangalore
4. The Mother’s International School, New Delhi
5. Springdales School, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi
6. Campion School, Mumbai
7. National Public School, Indiranagar, Bangalore

8. Bombay Scottish School, Mumbai
9. Padma Seshadri Bala Bhawan Senior Secondary School, Nungambakkam, Chennai
10. DAV Boys Senior Secondary School, Chennai
11. DPS, RK Puram, New Delhi
12. Sanskriti School, New Delhi 13. Vasant Valley School, New Delhi
14. Gitanjali School, Hyderabad
15. Vidya Niketan School, Bangalore
16. Step by Step, Noida
17. Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi
18. The Shri Ram School, Aravali, Gurgaon
19. St. Xavier’s Collegiate School, Kolkata
20. The Riverside School, Ahmedabad
21. Sloka School, Hyderabad
22. La Martiniere Boys School, Kolkata
23. Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
24. St. James School, Kolkata
25. Amity International, Noida
26. La Martiniere Girls School, Kolkata
27. Jamna Bai Narsee School, Mumbai
28. Vidyashilp Academy, Bangalore
29. Ryan International School, Goregaon, Mumbai
30. St. Joseph’s Boys High School, Bangalore
31. Pallikoodam School, Kottayam
32. Inventure Academy, Bangalore
33. DPS, Noida
34. SBOA School and Junior College, Annanagar, Chennai
35. St. Mary’s High School, Mazgaon, Mumbai
36. Springdales Public School, Pusa Road, New Delhi
37. St. Xavier’s High School, Mumbai
38. Bishop Cotton Boys School, Bangalore
39. Eklavya, Ahmedabad
40. DPS, Mathura Road, New Delhi
41. DAV School, Sector , Gurgaon
42. Sishya School, Adyar, Chennai
43. CHIREC Public School, Hyderabad
44. The School KFI, Adyar, Chennai
45. J.B. Petit High School, Mumbai
46. National Public School, Rajajinagar, Bangalore
47. St. Joseph’s Indian High School, Bangalore
48. St. John’s High School, Chandigarh
49. Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania School, Thane
50. Arya Vidya Mandir, Mumbai
51. Bishop Cotton Girls, Bangalore
52. Little Flower High School, Hyderabad
53. National Public School, Koramangla, Bangalore
54. Loreto House, Middleton, Kolkata
55. DPS Ghaziabad
56. DPS, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
57. Modern School, Vasant Vihar, Delhi
58. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
59. Oasis International School, Bangalore
60. The Bishop’s School, Pune
61. APS, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi
62. Bombay International School
63. Carmel Convent School, Chandigarh
64. Don Bosco High School, Mumbai
65. St. Francis de Sales School, Janakpuri, New Delhi
66. St. Mary’s School, Pune
67. Convent of Jesus & Mary, Bangla Sahib Marg, New Delhi
68. Carmel Convent School, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
69. Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai, Mumbai
70. Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, Surbroto Park, New Delhi
71. Modern High School, Kolkata
72. St. Ann’s High School, Hyderabad
73. Lotus Valley International, Noida
74. Loreto Convent, Parade Road, New Delhi
75. P.S. Senior Secondary, Chennai
76. Kendriya Vidyalaya – IIT-Madras
77. NASR School, Hyderabad
78. Ryan International School, Whitefield, Bangalore
79. Don Bosco, Egmore, Chennai
80. St. Thomas School, New Delhi
81. St. Columba’s School, New Delhi
82. Amity School, Saket, New Delhi
83. The Ashram, Chennai
84. Apeejay School, Noida
85. Laxman Public School, New Delhi
86. Loreto Convent School, Lucknow
87. Don Bosco School, Park Circus, Kolkata
88. Sacred Heart Convent School, Jamshedpur
89. HPS, Begumpet, Hyderabad
90. St Joseph’s, Pune
91. Air Force School, Hebbal, Bangalore
92. Kothari International School, Noida
93. Mater Dei Convent School, Tilak Lane, New Delhi
94. All Saints High School, Hyderabad
95. St. Xavier’s Boys Academy, Marine Lines, Mumbai
96. Gopi Birla Public School, Mumbai
97. National Academy for Learning (NAFL), Bangalore
98. Air Force Bal Bharati School, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
99. Ashok Hall Girls Higher Secondary School, Kolkata
100. The Valley School, Bangalore
101. Utpal Shanghvi School, Mumbai
102. DPS, Dwarka, New Delhi
103. Birla Vidya Niketan, New Delhi
104. DPS Vashi, Navi Mumbai
105. Rachna High School, Ahmedabad
106. Villa Theresa High School, Mumbai
107. DPS, Ahmedabad
108. DPS, Gurgaon
109. DPS, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad
110. Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School, Chennai
111. Loyola High School, Pune
112. Gyan Bharti, New Delhi
113. Ahlcon International School, New Delhi
114. St. Anne’s, Pune
115. St. George’s Girls Grammar School, Abids, Hyderabad
116. Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, Chembur, Mumbai
117. St Michael, Patna
118. DPS Rohini, New Delhi
119. Fr. Agnel, Navi Mumbai
120. Montfort School, New Delhi
121. Apeejay School, Faridabad
122. Jubilee Hills Public School, Hyderabad
123. Ryan International School, Khargar, Navi Mumbai
124. Apeejay, Shekh Sarai, New Delhi
125. Loreto Convent, Darjeeling
126. Maneckji Cooper School, Mumbai
127. Loyola School, Jamshedpur
128. Navrachana School, Vadodara
129. Symbiosis International School, Pune
130. Manav Sthali, Rajender Nagar, Delhi
131. St. Vincent’s School, Pune
132. Ryan International School, Kandivili, Mumbai
133. Vidyaranya High School, Hyderabad
134. DPS, Ruby Park, Kolkata
135. Sacred Heart Public School, Chandigarh
136. St. Stephen’s School, Chandigarh
137. DPS, Vadodara
138. Loreto, Shillong
139. St. Kabir Public School, Chandigarh
140. Apeejay School, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
141. Ramjas Sr Secondary School, Delhi
142. G.D. Somani Memorial School, Mumbai
143. La Martinere High School, Lucknow
144. St. Joseph’s Academy, Dehradun
145. St. Kabir School, Ahmedabad
146. Brightlands School, Dehradun
147. St. Germain High School, Bangalore
148. Abhinav Vidyalaya School, Pune
149. Don Bosco, Bandel, Kolkata
150. Salwan Public School, Gurgaon
151. Shaheed Rajpal DAV Public School, New Delhi
152. DPS, Faridabad
153. St. Paul’s, Agartala
154. DAV Public School, Shrestha Vihar, New Delhi
155. Ahlcon Public School, New Delhi
156. Eicher School, Faridabad
157. Ryan International School, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
158. M.P. Birla Foundation Higher Secondary School, Kolkata
159. Calcutta Boys School, Kolkata
160. Podar International School, Navi Mumbai
161. Vivek High School, Chandigarh
162. Amity School, Gurgaon
163. Bal Bharti School, Pitampura, Delhi
164. Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Lucknow
165. Heritage School, Gurgaon
166. Chettinad Vidyashram, Chennai
167. Swaminarayan International School, Bangalore
168. Shishugriha, Bangalore
169. Assam Rifiles, Shillong
170. Venkateshwara International, Dwarka, New Delhi
171. Manav Rachna International School, Faridabad
172. Hans Raj Model School, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi
173. Convent of Jesus & Mary, Dehradun
174. Salwan Public School, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi
175. The Gurukul, Panchkula, Chandigarh
176. Baldwin Boys High School, Bangalore
177. Blue Bells, New Delhi
178. St. Anthony High School, Mumbai
179. St. Mary’s High School, Hyderabad
180. Johnson Grammar, Hyderabad
181. PSBB Millennium School, Chennai
182. St. Anne’s Convent School, Chandigarh
183. All Saints High School, Pune
184. Tagore International, New Delhi
185. Udgam School, Ahmedabad
186. St. Ann’s High School, Mumbai
187. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Chennai
188. Apeejay, Pitampura, New Delhi
189. DPS, Patna
190. Chinmaya Central School, Hyderabad
191. Gear Foundation, Bangalore
192. St. Stanislaws High School, Mumbai
193. St. Anne’s Girls High School, Kalbadevi, Mumbai
194. Mount St. Mary’s, Delhi Cantt
195. Christ Church School, Clare Road, Mumbai
196. The Heritage School, Kolkata
197. DPS, Chandigarh
198. DPS, Bokaro
199. New Era School, Mumbai
200. Venkateshwara International, Bangalore

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Indian Budget History

Indian Budget“Budget” is derived from an early 15th century French word, “Bougette”, which means purse or a leather bag. According to several popular accounts, Bougette or the purse was used by the British Chancellor to carry his papers, which he presented to the British Parliament. But, it was only in the year 1873 that the word was used particularly to describe an annual financial statement.

Indian Budget History
India’s first Union Budget was presented by Mr. R K Shanmukham Chetty, who served as a Finance Minister in Jawaharlal Nehru’s cabinet, on November 26, 1947.
The present Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee’s budget speech 2011-12 was the 80st budget presentation in the history of independent India.

The Indian budget history can be broadly divided into two phases: 1) Pre-liberalization and 2) Post-liberalization.

Pre-liberalization :- India, after independence adopted socialist policies and its budget speeches reflected its protectionist attitude at the macro level. By the 70’s, India was considered as the most protected & controlled economies of the world and had more than half of its population living below the poverty line.
Nov, 1947: India’s first budget was, more or less, an inspection of the state of Indian economy just after India’s independence. No new taxes were proposed at this time as the Budget day for 1948-49 was just 95 days away. Soon in 1949, Mr. R K Shanmukham Chetty had to resign due to his differences with Pandit Nehru.

1959-64 & 1967-69: Morarji Desai, who later also became the Prime Minister of India, has the distinction of presenting the maximum number of Budgets, 8, a record that stands even today. He also presented two interim budgets in both his first and second terms.

1982-85: Pranab Mukherjee became the first RajyaSabha (Upper House) member to present the budget as the finance minister of the country.

1987-89: Rajiv Gandhi was the 3rd prime minister to present the budget after Jawaharlal Nehru (1958-59) and Indira Gandhi (1969-70).

1991-92: It’s the year when the final and interim Budgets were presented by Finance Ministers of two different political parties. While Yashwant Sinha presented the interim budget, the final budget was presented by Manmohan Singh.

Post-liberalisation :- Manmohan Singh and his reforms completely changed the direction of Indian economic policy. Post-liberalization, India moved away from the state led economy and integrated itself with the world by way of imposing lesser controls on private business activities and lowering the entry barriers for new entrants, whether domestic or foreign. The GDP of India too grew enormously since 1991. Post-liberalization, the Union Budget of India reflected the finance ministers’ attempts to come up with progressive pro-growth policies.

1992-93: The year marked the dawn of new era in the Indian economy. Manmohan Singh was back as India’s FM and opened up the economy, promoted foreign investments and reduced import duties.
1996-97 & 2004-08: Darling of Indian industries, P. Chidambram served as FM in United Front government in 1996-97.

In 2008, got accolades for his policies that insulated India from the impact of recession.
24th Jan, 2009: Pranab Mukherjee holds the position of a finance minister in the present UPA government and has been entrusted with the task of making pro-growth announcements in the 2012-13 budget.

Union Budget 2012-13: Disappointing a large section of income tax payers in the country, finance minister Pranab Mukherjee made a small raise in the exemption limit in his Budget speech.
Pranab Mukherjee raised the exemption limit for income tax by just Rs 20,000 from Rs 1,80000 to Rs 2 lakh.
The new tax slabs are as follows:
Up to Rs 2 lakh: No tax
From Rs 2 lakh to 5 lakh: 10%
From Rs 5 lakh to 10 lakh: 20%
Above Rs 10 lakh: 30%

Budget 2013-14: Highlights: Union Finance Minister P. Chidambaram presents Budget 2013-14 in the Lok Sabha Tax credit of Rs. 2,000 for income upto Rs. 5 lakh; Surcharge of 10 per cent for taxable incomes above Rs. 1 crore, No review of tax slabs; Commodity transaction tax for non-agri commodity trading; Tax Deducted at Source to be fixed at 1% on land deals over Rs 50 lakh; 30% excise duty hike on SUVs; 6% excise duty hike on mobiles above Rs. 2,000.
Tax credit of Rs. 2,000 for income upto Rs. 5 lakh
Surcharge of 10 per cent for taxable incomes above Rs. 1 crore, No review of tax slabs

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Choose Human rights (HR) as a career

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, irrespective of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimi-nation. These rights are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.



Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the form of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.

Human Rights legislation commonly contains:

Security rights that protect people against crimes such as murder, massacre, torture and rape
Liberty rights that protect freedoms in area such as belief and religion, association, assemblies and movement
Political rights that protect the liberty to participate in politics by expressing themselves, protesting, voting and serving in public office
Due process rights that protect against abuse of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trials and excessive punishment
Equality rights that guarantee equal citizenship, equality before law and non discrimination
Welfare rights (also known as economic and social rights) that require the provision of education and protection against severe poverty and starvation
Group rights that provide protection for group against ethnic genocide and for the ownership by countries of their national territories and resources
Violation of Human Rights

According to the Universal Declaration of Human rights, fundamental rights are violated when:

A Certain, Creed, or a group is denied recognition as a “person” (Article 2)
Men and Women are not treated as equal (Article 2)
Different Racial or Religious groups are not treated equally (Article 2)
Life, liberty or security of person are threatened (Article 3)
A person is sold as or used as a slave (Article 4)
Cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment is used on a person (such as torture or execution) (Article 5)
Punishments are dealt arbitrarily or unilaterally, without a proper and fair trial (Article 11)
Arbitrary interference into personal, or private lives by agents of the state (Article 12)
Citizens are forbidden to leave their country (Article 13)
Freedom of Speech or religion are denied (Article 18 & 19)
The right to join a trade union is denied (Article 23)
Education is denied (Article 26)
Universal and Inalienable

The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems.

All States have ratified at least one, and 80% of States have ratified four or more, of the core human rights treaties, reflecting consent of States which creates legal obligations for them and gives concrete expression to universality. Some fundamental human rights norms enjoy universal protection by customary international law across all boundaries and civilizations.

Human rights are inalienable. They should not be taken away, except in specific situations and according to due process. For example, the right to liberty may be restricted if a person is found guilty of a crime by a court of law.

Interdependent and Indivisible

All human rights are indivisible, whether they are civil and political rights, such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression; economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to work, social security and education, or collective rights, such as the rights to development and self-determination, are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others.

Equal and Non-discriminatory

Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some of international human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

The principle applies to everyone in relation to all human rights and freedoms and it prohibits discrimination on the basis of a list of categories such as sex, race, colour and so on. The principle of non-discrimination is complemented by the principle of equality, as stated in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

Both Rights and Obligations

Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled to our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others.

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Jobs and Career in leather goods and accessories design

If designing is your passion and fashion your forte, then a degree in Leather Goods and Accessories Design can be your big ticket to the glamour world. Accessory design is one of the latest career trends that seem to have caught the fancy of many. We don’t blame them! After all this is one profession where the designers get to design all cool stuff ranging from gloves, to scarves to belts and more. Not only this, a career in accessory design can open your doors to the runways too. Leather technology in recent times is fast emerging as a lucrative career option.
Until a few years ago, those who happened to be in the industry were there by way of experience rather than through any formal training. But now, in India, scores of institutes are offering certificate as well as diploma courses in designing as well as production, adding a much needed professionalism to this industry. Accessories are a growing business with substantial employment opportunities.
The Indian leather industry is growing by leaps and bounds. One must be wondering why India is exporting so much of leather to western countries. Apparently because leatherwear still enjoys a great demand abroad and nowadays even the domestic market is developing and consuming the offerings of this industry. To many, it would also be a surprise to know that the Indian Leather industry is the fourth largest export earner in the country. One can only imagine what shape this industry takes on further maturing.

Nature of Work:

The demand of the leather goods is on the rise and is expected to grow further. With more and more multinationals coming to India, this industry is poised to become a hi-tech industry. Leatherwear constitutes a variety of products ranging from footwear and accessories like belts, bags, purses and caps to toys, upholstery, baggage, musical instruments, garment tags, gift items etc.

At present, most of the people in this industry are not trained but now with this industry advancing and developing both technologically and professionally, it calls for qualified professionals to cater to the needs and requirements of the people. Thinking of this industry as a career option, one can either take up designing or may get into the technical side that is production, depending upon the interest and aptitude. Both the options are rewarding. As far as designing is concerned, world over, designers have started using leather as an important part of their designer wear and accessories, which has made leather amongst the top apparel material. The other option being production is also not a bad proposition. On attaining requisite qualifications in the field of production, one can start working with leather manufacturing companies and tanneries.

Eligibility

To pursue a career in Leather Goods and Accessories Design, passion, super creativity and drive are needed. However, earning a specialized degree in Leather Goods and Accessory Design from leading fashion and art schools can position you for sleek jobs in fashion houses and glam stores. Several fashion and fine arts schools offer specialized courses as well as graduate programs in Leather Goods and accessory design. In order to enroll in associate or undergraduate programs, students must possess 10+2 and must pass standardized entrance tests. Most graduate and advanced programs entertain previous on-hand experience in designing and may request portfolio of creative work together with college transcripts during admission.

Personal Skills

If you are creative and, stylish and have enough verve to transform your ideas into attractive accessories, then a career in accessory designing may be your stuff. Designing is a serious business and it takes acute aesthetic refinement and creative knack to do justice to it. Aspiring designers wanting to join the fashion taskforce should have an up-to-date idea on new trends and have a wide grasp of economic parameters and technical skills. In-depth of understanding of technology, marketing, production and sales is always an added advantage. Apart from that, students should have an impeccable flair for style, perfect artistic skills, great sense of color and textures and more. Passion, patience, perseverance, dedication and, commitment are just other complementary skills required for this profession.

Leather industry as such, does not ask for very special attributes but just like any other industry, one needs to be a high achiever, committed, dedicated and hard worker for higher goals. If one happens to be in the production line. The work can be quite tiring, especially while working in the tanneries and production houses, often involving a lot of hard work and strain. Designing successfully, on the other hand is more of a combination of mental ability and artistic finesse. Creativity with uniqueness can do wonders for designers. So being creative and original is of utmost importance. They should combine well their mental ability to constantly think and come up with new ideas, with dexterity to give shape to their ideas.

Designers are required to display both a high level of creative ability and technical understanding of production methods
Fashion awareness, colour and shape sense are important
Problem solving skills, time management and a lot of self discipline go in to the making of a fashion design.
The ability to communicate ideas both visually and verbally
Openness to new ideas and influences
Interest in how cloths are made, fascination with change and development;
Team work skills and physical stamina are essential as hours of work are fairly long and demanding and you have to work in a team against tight deadlines.


Courses

Professional qualification has a great role for working efficiently in an organization. Apart from a professional degree/diploma, it’s also very important to up-date with the latest international standards and competition. In India there are various institutes offering several courses in leather products designing and technology. Some of them are as follows

M.Sc. in Leather Goods & Accessories Design (M.Sc.-LGAD)
B.Sc. in Leather Goods & Accessories Design (B.Sc. - LGAD)
Diploma in Leather Goods & Accessories Design
Certificate program in Leather Goods & Accessories Design.


Leather Goods Institutes

1. Center for Leather Goods & Accessories Footwear Design and Development Institute (FDDI), Ministry of Commerce &Industry, Govt. of India, Noida 201301
2. National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi
3. Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai

(Above list is indicative only.)

Career Prospects

An accessory adds to individual’s fashion sense! If you wish to be a major force in the fashion industry, then putting your passion and skills into accessory design can push your career to great heights. The beauty of this business is that you can start your craft from your kitchen top and then push your designs to retail and designer stores for world to know. Aspiring designers pursuing a professional course in accessory designing can expect to find job as designers, product managers, brand managers, visual merchandisers and entrepreneurs in areas like leather goods, precious and costume jewelry, tableware, giftware, watches, footwear, handicrafts and lifestyle products etc. What’s more, if you have the right entrepreneur skills, you can even own your own accessory line.The leather industry is set to boom with bright career opportunities in both technical and designing areas. The Indian corporate along with foreign multinationals in this industry have made it possible to look forward to exciting employment options. Earlier Indian exports included only raw materials, but now leather goods are fast catching up with increasing acceptance in the international markets. This has enhanced opportunities for designers.

Designers are found to be working with leather goods companies as technical designers and style designers. While Technical designers train themselves in pattern making, cutting, designing, Style designers are responsible for updating the product in fashion and style. Designers are also employed by leather garment production houses and boutiques. Established designers also hire young designers to work with them.

On gaining sufficient experience, one can also set up his own unit for production and marketing of leather based products. As far as career growth and progression is concerned it is purely performance based and there is no limit to what one can achieve. If you have a strong commitment to design and want to specialize in accessories, while enriching your personal project and boosting your professional career, this course responds to your needs.

Remuneration

The remuneration in the leather goods industry depends upon the company, nature of work and the area where you work. As most of the jobs are in the private sector, pay is generally high. With multinationals setting up their base in India, this industry is no longer confined to small scale and financial returns can be quite satisfactory. Fresh recruits can expect a starting pay package between Rs. 10000 - 15000 p.m., as a Designer, Merchandiser, & different category/product specialist designer depending upon their qualifications and the size of the organization. For freelancers and those self-employed in their own units returns are not fixed. It varies on the basis of individual performance.

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Career and Jobs in Information Technology

Educational opportunities : Since this is a specialized field, it requires technical and academic skills. In our country most universities offer bachelor, Master and Doctorate degree in Information Technology. For admission to B.Sc. general or honours, 10+2 with science either in non-medical or medical subjects with at least 50% marks is required.
For Masters degree, a Bachelor degree with IT/computer science as one of the subjects is required with minimum 50% marks and for Ph.D there is requirement of at least 55% marks in Masters degree. However, the rules for admission to bachelor, Masters and research degree vary from university to university/institutes. Department of Electronics Accreditation of Computer Courses (DOEACC) offers four level of courses. Students from accredited institutes can also apply for these examinations. Following are the courses.

Certification Courses
Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA)
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PGDCA)
Diploma in Computer Applications (DCA)
DOEACC’s O, A, B, C level courses
B. Tech and B. E.
B.Sc. (CS/IT)
Master’s in System Management
Masters in Computer Applications (MCA)
M. Sc. (CS/IT)
M. Tech and M. E.


Remuneration: In the age of global revolution Information Technology is a well paid job. A person, who desires to pursue a career in this field, can expect a salary between 15000-25000 per month in the beginning. However salaries of IT professionals vary depending upon their individual qualifications, experience, as well as the size and nature of the hiring institutes. Persons with a superior record and high qualifications can achieve high positions. The salaries in college and university departments are comparable to those of teachers. Indeed, the salaries of special professionals are high. IT Professionals working in private organisations also have handsome earnings.

Course Offering Institutes in IT in India:
In the country, many universities/institutes are offering courses in IT. Following is the list of major universities/ institutes offering the education in Information Technology/computers:

Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Website: www.bhu.ac.in
School of Computer & Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
IIT Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Roorkee, Mumbai
Department of Computer Science, Delhi University Delhi- 110007, Website. www.du.ac.in
Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046
ChowdharyCharansigh University, Meerut
Cochin University of Science & Technology, Faculty of Technology, Cochin-688 022, Kerala
Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala
Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032
Motilal Nehru Ragional Engineering College, Allahabad-211 004, Uttar Pradesh
National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka
PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga, Karnataka
PES College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka
Poona Institute of Computer Technology, Pune
Regional Engineering College, Rourkela, Orissa
Regional Engineering College, Silchar-788 010, Assam
Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirapalli-620 015, Tamil Nadu
Regional Engineering College, Warangal, A.P
Rural Engineering College, BhalkiBidar, Karnataka
School of Mathematics & Computer Information Science, Hyderabad-500 134
SNDT Women’s University, Sir VithaldasVidyavihar, Santa Cruz (W), Mumbai-400 054
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab
University of Poona, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra
University Visveswara College of Engineering , Bangalore
Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneshwar-751 004
Department of Computer Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Annamalai University - 608 002
Department of Computer Science, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530003
Department of Computer Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli
Post-graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal
Dept of Computer Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - 031 Rajasthan
Department of Computer Science, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar - 125 001, Haryana
Institute of Computer Science, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur - 495 009
Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025
Department of Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore - 570 006
Department of Computer Science, University of Jammu, Jammu-180004.
Department of Computer Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 036.
Centre for Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.
Department of Computer Science, Madurai Kamaraj Univeristy, Madurai, Tamil Nadu - 625021
School of Computer Science, Kakatiya University, Warangal- 506 009.
School of Computer Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad - 08.
Department of Computer Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Thirunelveli
Department of Computer Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136 119.

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Guidelines for Setting up of Local Area Banks in India

August 24, 1996: With a view to providing institutional mechanisms for promoting rural savings as well as for the provision of credit for viable economic activities in the local areas, it has been decided to allow the establishment of new local banks in the private sector.
This is expected to bridge the gaps in credit availability and enhance the institutional credit framework in the rural and semi-urban areas. The following are the guidelines for establishment of the new local banks:

 Object of Local Area Banks

Setting up of local area banks in private sector to cater to the credit needs of the local people and to provide efficient and competitive financial intermediation services in their area of operation.

Local Area Banks Scope of Activities
Since these banks are being set up in district towns, their activities will be focussed on the local customers. It is expected that their lendings will be to agriculture and allied activities, SSI, agro-industrial activities, trading activities and the non-farm sector with a view to ensuring the provision of timely and adequate credit to the local clientele in the area of operation. The banks will observe the priority sector lending targets at 40% of net bank credit (NBC) as applicable to other domestic banks. Within the above target these banks will adhere to the requirement of lending at least 25% of their priority sector deployments (10% of NBC) to the weaker sections. This will be monitored strictly and on an ongoing basis.

Registration, Licensing : Scheduling of Local Area Banks
The bank shall be registered as a public limited company under the Companies Act, 1956. It will be licensed under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and will be eligible for including in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

Capital
The minimum paid up capital for such a bank shall be Rs.5 crore. The promoters' contribution for such a bank shall at least be Rs.2 crore. Proposals having diversified share holdings, will be preferred.

Promoters
The promoters of the bank may comprise individuals, corporate entities, trusts and societies. In the application for a banking licence the details of the initial contribution ofpromoters, and the manner and method through which the minimum share capital of Rs.5 crore will be raised will need to be indicated.

Area of Operation
The area of operation of the proposed bank shall be a maximum of three geographically contiguous districts.

Head Office
The Head/Registered Office of the bank will be located at a centre within the area of operation of the bank

Voting Rights
Voting rights of an individual share holder shall be governed by the ceiling of 10 % of the total voting rights as stipulated in Section 12(2) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.javascript:void(0)

Applicability of Statutes
The bank will be governed by the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and other relevant statutes. However, in regard to its liquidity requirements and interest rates, such banks will be governed by the provisions applicable to Regional Rural Banks established under the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976.

Prudential Norms
Such a bank shall be subject to prudential norms, accounting policies and other policies as are laid down by RBI. The bank will have to achieve capital adequacy of 8 per cent of the risk weighted assets from the very beginning. Similarly, norms for income recognition, asset classification and provisioning will also be applicable to it from the beginning.

Branch Licensing
The bank shall be allowed to open branches only in its area of operation and in regard to branch licensing, it shall be governed by the existing policy.

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Eligibility and selection Indian Forest Service Exams

The Indian Forest Service (IFS) is the Forestry service of India. It is one of the three All India Services of the Indian govt., along with the IAS and IPS; its employees are recruited by the national government but serve under the state governments or Central Government.

History of Indian Forest Service : The Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 for protection, conservation, and regeneration of forest resources. India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce scientific forest management.
In 1864, the British Raj established the Imperial Forest Department. In 1866 Dr. Dietrich Brandis, a German forest officer, was appointed Inspector General of Forests. The Imperial Forestry Service was organized subordinate to the Imperial Forest Department in 1867. The British colonial government also constituted provincial forest services and executive and subordinate services similar to the forest administrative hierarchy used today.

Officers appointed from 1867 to 1885 were trained in Germany and France, and from 1885 to 1905 at Cooper's Hill, London, a noted professional colleges of forestry. From 1905 to 1926, the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and University of Edinburgh had undertaken the task of training Imperial Forestry Service officers.

From 1927 to 1932, forest officers were trained at the Imperial Forest Research Institute (FRI) at Dehradun, which had been established in 1906. The Indian Forest College (IFC) was established in the 1938 at Dehradun, and officers recruited to the Superior Forest Service by the states and provinces were trained there. Forestry, which was managed by the federal government until then, was transferred to the "provincial list" by the Government of India Act 1935, and recruitment to the Imperial Forestry Service was subsequently discontinued.

The modern Indian Forest Service was established in the year 1966, after independence, under the All India Services Act 1951. The first Inspector General of Forests, Hari Singh, was instrumental in the development of the IFS.

India has an area of 635,400 km2 designated as forests, about 19.32 percent of the country. India's forest policy was created in 1894 and revised in 1952 and again in 1988.

Eligibility and selection Indian Forest Service

Recruitment to the Forest Service is made through the Indian Forest Service Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) annually. Entry is open to candidates who hold a Bachelor’s degree with at least one of the subjects namely, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Botany, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Zoology or a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture or Forestry or Agricultural Engineering from a recognised University or equivalent and who are between the ages of 21 and 30 as on July 1 of the year of the examination. Upper age limits are less restrictive for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Classes (SC/ST/OBC).

Notification of the Indian Forest Service Examination is generally in February. The written essay-based examination is conducted in July and is conducted in English. Each paper is of three hours' duration.

Applicants are tested in General English, General Knowledge, and two optional science subjects from a list of 14 subjects, which includes among them four branches of engineering (Mechanical, Chemical, Civil, and Agricultural). The level required for the option subjects is at least of the Honours degree level.

Candidates who qualify the written examination appear for an Interview, where they are questioned on academics; current affairs; basic knowledge of forest-related issues and policies and the status of their implementation; knowledge of the geographical features, forest cover, wildlife, and economic and cultural issues of one's community.

Training and rank structure Indian Forest Service

Selected candidates are sent for foundation training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration at Mussourie. This is followed by Forest Service-specific orientation at the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy at Dehradun, with training on forest and wildlife management, soil conservation, surveying, Scheduled Tribes, and handling weapons.

After completing the academies, candidates go through a year of on-the-job field training in the state to which he or she is assigned. There is a probationary period four years during which they are posted as Assistant Conservators of Forests. On completion of this, officers are appointed to the Senior Time Scale and are entitled to be posted as the Deputy Conservators of Forests or Divisional Forest Officers in charge of districts/forest divisions.

Ranks of the Indian Forest Service are as follows:

Assistant Conservator of Forests
Deputy Conservator of Forests
Conservator of Forests (CFs)
Chief Conservator of Forests (CCFs)
Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Addl.PCCFs)
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) - highest post in a State
Director General of Forests - highest post at Centre, selected from amongst the senior-most PCCFs of states.

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Civil Services Examination Preparation, Eligibility ,Process and Format of Exam

Civil Services Examination is a nationwide competitive examination in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to the administrative services of the Indian government, including Indian Administrative Services, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Revenue Service, Indian Police Service and Indian Postal Service among others.The exam is conducted in two phases, the Civil Service Aptitude Test, involving two objective type papers
(general studies and aptitude test), and the mains, involving a written exam with nine papers and an interview.The entire process from the CSAT to the declaration of result of the main, takes about an year.The success rate for the exam lies below 0.5%.



Civil Services Examination Process :
The Civil Services Examination is considered one of the most competitive and difficult in the world. At an average, 4 to 5 lakh candidates appear for the exam.usually, it has been noticed that many candidates after applying do not appear at the initial stage.

The Civil Services Examination is based on the British Raj-era Indian Civil Service.

Candidates must complete a three-phase process, with a success rate of about 0.1 percent of the total applicants:

Phase I: Civil Services Aptitude Test - This is qualifying test held in May/June every year. Notification for this is published in December/January. Results are published in the first half of August.
Phase II: Civil Services Exam (Main) - This is the main test, held in October/November every year. Results are usually published in the second week of March.
Phase III: Personality Test (Interview) - It is the final test and is held in April/May every year. Results are usually announced a few days before the next preliminary exam is to be held.
The training programme to the selected candidates usually commences in August every year.

Civil Services Examination Eligibility

The eligibility norms for the examination are as follows:

Nationality


For the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, a candidate must be a citizen of India.
For the Indian Foreign Service, a candidate must be one of the following:
A citizen of India
a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India
For other services, a candidate must be one of the following:
A citizen of India
A subject of Nepal or Bhutan
a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.

Education


All candidates must have a minimum of any of the following educational qualifications:

A degree from a Central, State or Deemed university
A degree received through Correspondence Education or Distance Education
A degree from an Open University
A qualification recognised by the Government of India as being equivalent to either of the above
The following candidates are also eligible, but have to submit proof of their eligibility from a competent authority at their institute/university at the time of the main examination, failing which they will not be allowed to attend the exam.

Candidates who have appeared in an examination, the passing of which would render them educationally qualified enough to satisfy any of the above points
Candidates who have passed the final exam of the MBBS degree but have not yet completed their internship

Minimum Age for Civil Services Examination
Prescribed age limits are minimum 21 years and maximum of 30 years as on 1 August of the year of Examination. A candidate who turns 21 on 1 August is not eligible whereas a candidate who turns 30 is.

Upper age limit relaxation is provided to candidates as follows:

A maximum of three years for OBC candidates
A maximum of three years in case of Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof
A maximum of five years for candidates belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe
A maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989
A maximum of five years in case of ex-servicemen including Commissioned Officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered at least five years Military Service as on 1 August and have been released on either of the following basis:
on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within one year from 1 August) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of misconduct or inefficiency
on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service
on invalidment
A maximum of five years in case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years Military Service as on 1 August and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and that they will be released on three months notice on selection from the date of receipt of offer of appointment.
A maximum of ten years in case of blind, deaf-mute and orthopaedically handicapped persons
The age relaxation will not be admissible to Ex-Servicemen and Commissioned Officers including ECOs/SSCOs who are released on own request.

Numbers of attempts of Civil Services Examination
The maximum number of attempts a candidate can give the exam is limited as follows:

Four attempts for General category candidates and OBC category candidates under the Creamy layer
Seven attempts for OBC category candidates
To SCs/STs, there is no limit on the number of attempts.
However these candidates are requested to bear in mind:

An attempt at a Preliminary Examination shall be deemed to be an attempt at the Examination.
If a candidate actually appears in any one paper in the Preliminary Examination, he/she shall be deemed to have made an attempt at the Examination.
Notwithstanding the disqualification/cancellation of candidature, the fact of appearance of the candidate at the examination will count as an attempt.
Candidates just applied but not appeared at the exam is not an attempt.

Vacancies and Selection Civil Services Examination

Generally the number of vacancies varies every year. In the preliminary examination, the number of candidate selected for the mains is 11 or 12 times the number of vacancies and in case of the main examination, the number of candidates selected for the interview is twice the number of vacancies. For example, if the number of vacancies in a given year is 1000, and 1,00,000 candidates appear for the preliminary examination; the top 11,000 or 12,000 scorers will be selected for the mains and similarly, out of those 12,000 only the top 2,000 scorers will be called for the interview.

Preliminary (Civil Services Examination)

The preliminary examination was named Civil Services Exam (Preliminary) till 2010. The pattern of the exam was conceived in 1979 on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission. It included two examinations, one on general studies worth 150 marks, and the second on one of 23 optional subjects worth 300 marks.Until 2011, when it was revamped,the preliminary pattern was sustained with only minor changes once every ten to fifteen years. It is possible that in the coming years there can be some more changes in the format.

From 2011 onwards, the preliminary examination system is called the Civil Service Aptitude Test (CSAT). It is intended to focus on analytical abilities and understanding rather than their ability to memorise. The first CSAT took place on 12 June 2011. The current pattern of CSAT includes two papers of two hours duration and 200 marks each.Both papers have multiple choice objective type questions only. They are as under:

Paper 1 tests the candidate's knowledge on current events, history of India and Indian national movement, Indian and World Geography, Indian Polity and governance, Economic and social development, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change and general science.
Paper II tests the candidates' skills in comprehension, interpersonal skills, communication, logical reasoning, analytical ability, decision making, problem solving, basic numeracy, data interpretation, English language comprehension skills and mental ability.

Mains (Civil Services Examination)

The Civil Services Mains Examination consists of a written examination and an interview

Examination format of Civil Services
The written examination consists of nine papers, two qualifying and seven ranking in nature.The range of questions may vary from just two marks to thirty marks, twenty words to 600 words answers. Candidates who pass qualifying papers are ranked according to marks and a selected number of candidates are called for interview or a personality test at the Commission's discretion.


Civil Services Mains Format

Type	Subject	Paper	Marks
Qualifying∗	English language	Single paper	300
	Indian language±	single paper	300
Ranking	Essay	single paper	200
	General studies	Paper I	300
		Paper II	300
	Optional Subject I	Paper I	300
		Paper II	300
	Optional Subject II	Paper I	300
		Paper II	300
Interview			300
Total Marks			2300

∗ Note: These papers are qualifying in nature and are not used for ranking. Hence their marks are not added to the total. Candidates who fail these papers as per the Commission's standards are not eligible for the interview.

± Note: The Indian language must be one specified under the eighth schedule of the constitution

Civil Services Examination Interview


The object of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a Board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to judge the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms this is really an assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and his interest in current affairs. Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity.

The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.

The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialised or general knowledge of the candidates which has been already tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well educated youth.

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